Root Awakening (11 Dec 2010)

The Root Awakening column for the second week of December 2010 provided answers to two gardening questions. The first question queried on how to go about to start the gardening hobby and be successful in it. My advice given was to first learn more about the plants that one is interested in growing. One should start off by getting their names right and get to know about each plants’ growth requirements. A good reference to look to is the NParks’ publication entitled ‘’1001 Garden Plants of Singapore’. It is a pictorial guide which makes reference by anyone very easy.

To better grow one’s plants, it is best to follow this guideline – grow the right plant in the right location. Understand the conditions in your growing area at home and choose to grow plants that are suited for that area. One should check out and take part in the gardening talks and workshops conducted by HortPark and Singapore Botanic Gardens as these are organised with budding gardeners in mind.

The second question touched on why young fruits of the custard apple tree failed to develop fully. Most would turn black and become aborted. From what I have researched, the custard apple tree is well known to be a plant that prefers a sunny, well-draining location. The symptoms the enquirer has described seem to point to overwatering or a plant that is grown in a waterlogged location. It is advisable to the plant to grow in a location with better draining soil and allow plant to dry out a little between each watering, especially in Singapore where we are located in an area with high rainfall.

Buried Treasures – Tasty Tubers of the World

I came across this book for the first time in Singapore Botanic Gardens’ staff library. Entitled ‘Buried Treasures – Tasty Tubers of the World’ is a book in a series published by Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This book is largely a compilation of chapters written by several authors. It started with a description of the various types of underground storage organs commonly eaten which then led to the next chapter which wrote on the history of how some of these plants became important and got domesticated by Man. The third chapter was the one that left the deepest impression in me as a gardener, as it featured the profiles of a total of 31 different plants. The fourth chapter that logically followed third one was one on how to cook and eat these plants. The remaining chapters touched on foraging for wild underground vegetables and where one can obtain them to grow via various commercial sources but sadly, they were all US-based. One can also find some general information on how to propagate these plants classified on the characteristic of underground storage organ.

More on the third chapter – Encyclopedia of Edible Tubers (not correct to say they are all tubers!)… Most Asians would be familiar with the following geophytes - taro (Colocasia esculenta), yam (Dioscorea alata), water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus), arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis) and potato (Solanum tuberosum).  This book has these and more to offer. The rather comprehensive range of vegetables presented in the book impressed me a great deal – many of which are largely unknown to me as an Asian who lives in this part of South East Asia. I must say that I got to know and add more plants, especially the Andean species into my ”mental database” by picking up and reading this book. The gardener will get to read more on the ornamental attributes, growing tips, propagation means, climate requirements, basic cooking methods and nutritional values of each of these geophytes.

The information presented in this book is largely engaging and interesting. Besides the misleading titles of all the chapters, the glaring title printed across the front cover did a disservice to this otherwise great book – not all the plants mentioned in this book are tubers (note – Buried Treasures – Tasty Tubers of the World) and this is somewhat not expected of a publication from a botanic garden!  Luckily, this publication corrected and saved itself by having a more appropriate running title overleaf – how to grow and enjoy root vegetables, tubers, rhizomes and corms, as well as, with the inclusion of a more detailed discussion on how each of these plant parts, based on their morphology are classified into each category.

Introducing the ‘Cincau Plant’ – Mesona

Most Singaporeans would be familiar with the grass jelly that is served as a chilled dessert, served commonly either in strips soaked in soybean milk or in cube form bathed in sugar syrup. In Chinese, this foodstuff is referred to as ‘xiancao’ (仙草, literal translation means ‘fairy herb’) and ‘cincao’ in Malay.

Whilst most of us are familiar with the foodstuff itself, not many would be familiar with the plant. The plant that produces the black grass jelly in part of the world is a species from the genus Mesona and is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Two species of Mesona, namely, M. chinensis and M. parviflora, have been reported to be used to make grass jelly. From what I have researched, M. chinensis appears to be the one used in southeast China and Taiwan while M. parviflora seems to be more popular in Indonesia. Chinese refer to M. chinensis as ‘凉粉草’ (liang fen cao).

Plant Resources of South East Asia states that the two species may be conspecific, meaning they may be similar. A check with Flora of China database yields slightly differing foliage characteristics given below. It is well known in the Plant Kingdom that a single species of plants with a widespread distribution can be variable in appearance. From the description below, I believe the one I showed in this post is M. chinensis.

Mesona chinensis (syn. M. procumbens) - Leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to subcircular, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to sometimes rounded . (Cruneate – a leaf with a wedge-shaped base with edges that form an angle less than 90 degrees, but greater than 45 degrees.)

Mesona parviflora (syn. M. palustris) - Leaves narrowly elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, apex short acuminate, base attenuate (Attenuate – a leaf with a tapering base with concave edges that form an angle less than 45 degrees.)

Leaf characteristics reference - http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/leaf_bases.cfm

The aerial parts of Mesona are picked and dried. During the drying process, leaves are allowed to oxidise where they also turn dark. To make the jelly, leaves are boiled in water with the addition of an alkaline substance such as potassium carbonate (ash from burned rice culms is also said to be used). The resultant solution is filtered through cloth and then cooled where it then solidifies to give the familiar gelatinous solid. Leaves of Mesona are believed to have ‘cooling’ properties in Chinese medicine .

In the garden, both species of Mesona make great groundcover plants for a herbal garden. Their sprawling and dense growing habit ensures any bare patches of ground are covered green and prevents soil eroson. Their leaf surfaces are shiny and the serrated foliage margins add interesting texture to the landscape. These plants produce numerous small flowers on erect spikes which are coloured blue – a rare floral colour in the tropics.

Root Awakening (4 Dec 2010)

Answers to two gardening questions were provided in this weekend’s edition of the Root Awakening column. The questions pertained to problems faced in growing chillis and the bauhina vine.

The problem mentioned in the first question is a common one. Often, the first flushes of flowers in the chilli plant often fall without bearing any fruit. Chilli plants usually has little problem in setting fruits in the lowland tropics. Hence this problem should resolve itself in subsequent flushes of blooms. Otherwise, it may be a case of poor pollination. One can perform hand pollination by using a small paintbrush to brush each flower to help transfer pollen. Other causes could be due to dry air caused by windy conditions.

The second question was about the new growth in Bauhinia kockiana not growing well and tips of older leaves turning black. The enquirer mentioned about once fortnightly feeding. With the information given, the black leaf tips may be a sign that the plant is over-fertilised and hence it is recommended to follow the instructions printed on the label of the fertiliser. In general,  Bauhinia kockiana is a plant that will grow better if it is grown in the ground and it is vital to keep the roots cool by mulching it with compost. Avoid trimming new growth as this is where flower buds will be formed.

Jekka’s Herb Cookbook

Jekka McVicar, the Herb Queen, as she is widely known, has published another book on herbs. This time, it is a cook book, in contrast to her earlier ones which focussed on how to grow these aromatic plants. For Singaporeans, this book is about how to use so-called ‘Western herbs’ in the kitchen and you may have expected, Jamie Oliver, has a part in this book where he penned the foreword.

In this book, the reader will be able to find uses for 50 herbs. The common ones like basil, bay, chives, dill, lemon balm, marjoram, mint, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage, tarragon and thyme can be found, as well as, a selected few Asian ones like celery leaf, coriander, curry leaf, lemon grass and shiso.

Unlike many cookbooks, the reader won’t be able to find colourful pictures of the final dish that are often included to inspire the one to start cooking. One will instead find colour illustrations of the herbs featured which were the work of Jekka”s daughter, Hannah.

For each herb, Jekka starts off with a short personal anecdote, followed by a description and brief growing tips. That then leads to its history in cooking, harvesting notes, medicinal properties and the various cultivars that are available to the cook or gardener. A handful of recipes are presented in the pages that followed. What I particularly find useful about this book is that Jekka gave tips on how to use excess herbs that may be produced by a bumper harvest. She also provided warnings whenever applicable, such as the risk of using fresh herbs to make herbed oils.

I am better known to be a gardener rather than a cook. As many of you are already aware, my current plant focus is on culinary herbs. At this point, I felt I should just get started on how to use them better rather than just to grow and smell them. I thought this is an ideal book to help me get started – there is information to allow me understand the characteristics of each herb which set the basis on how to use them in the most effective way in food. In my opinion, this cook book serves as a companion to complement the other herb gardening books by Jekka.

Flowers for Fragrance & Colour (Serangoon Newsletter, Nov 10)

Most of us are aware that there are plants that produce fragrant flowers. Often, we forgot that amongst these, there are a few species that possess a unique floral characteristic, that is, the ability of the flowers to change colour as they age. At least, this is true for me.

I therefore took this opportunity to introduce these plants to residents living in the Serangoon constituency in the November 2010 issue of the Serangoon newsletter. In it, readers get acquainted with the Rangoon Creeper (Quisqualis indica), Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow (Brunfelsia calycina), Lady of the Night (Brunfelsia americana) and Thai Gardenia (Gardenia gjellerupii).

The flowers of the Rangoon Creeper are white, turn pink and finally red before they fade. For Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow, they are purple when freshly opened, then light blue and finally white. The flowers of its relative, Lady of the Night, are white when they first open which turn yellow finally. As for the Thai Gardenia, its flowers are pale yellow at first that turn orange as they age.

In general, these flowering vines and shrubs enjoy a location with fertile and free-draining soil to grow well in the garden. They also like a sunny location and shade causes them to produce less flowers. In very shady areas, plants become leggy and gradually decline. As with many flowering shrubs, avoid pruning them too frequently. If you need to, practise selective pruning to shape the plant superficially, taking into account that flower buds are always produced in new growth.

SGF 2010 – My Home Garden Display – The Living Room

After looking at the DIY ideas in the Home Office, the visitor can walk through the ‘slanted door’ into the living room. The living room is the place at home where one entertains our guests and often people display plants in nice containers in an attempt to beautify the space.

Note that the living room can be a little dark to grow many plants. Remember to bring your display plants to a brighter place such as just before a sunny/bright windowsill or balcony to recuperate after a week or two worth of display inside the living room!

One unique plant display item designed by my landscape architect, Ms Abby Ng, was a series of wall-mounted containers that seem to ‘grow’ out of the wall as they ‘fall’ from the top of the wall to the floor. Each container has a shiny, metallic finish.

We have another vertical garden system on display in the living room. This unique vertical garden system is called the ‘Grass Mirror’ which is a product carried by a local company, Imaginative Growth. It is designed by a group of French architects, H2O Architects. The Grass Mirror is not made out of glass mirrors but out of polished stainless steel. Each planter is stacked one on another to make a larger reflective living wall.

Another very interesting product from Imaginative Growth on display were a series of upside-down plant pots, called the Boskke Sky Planter. Designed by Patrick Morris, these pots house plants that see to defy gravity and make conversation pieces among our visitors who come to our Living Room. Unlike conventional pots that sit on the floor, these pots allow one to grow plants without sacrificing floor space! Get one of these pots and you can figure out how watering is done as well as how you can pot that plant inside each Boskke Sky Planter.

The next display idea is a terrarium coffee table. Not something you can easily fashion easily by yourself, you probably need to engage a competent carpenter to make this coffee table terrarium! An idea inspired by existing coffee table aquariums, this terrarium allows the plant-lover to grow his plants nicely in the living room. There are fluorescent light tubes installed inside this coffee table so that a range of low-light houseplants can be grown. The glass top can be lifted and give access to one to maintain and water the plants. There is a small gap left between the coffee table base and the glass top and that allows excess heat given off by the lights to escape (hot air rises!).

Here’s another DIY plant display idea that is probably much easier to construct but may be a little difficult to replicate due to the rather unique glass container. When powered up, the lamp in the center has colours that transit from one colour to another and we though the plants planted in this garden would dance like they were in the disco! The lamp stand and circuitry were taken from a store-bought lamp and installed onto a styrofoam base.

The same concept was extended to make a tabletop lamp terrarium. The terrarium this time was a closed one. The base of this set-up is a clear glass container which originally came with a lid. To fix a lamp on top of it, my team members fashioned a base that fits nicely on top of the glass container using circular sheets of styrofoam. The lamp and its necessary circuitry were taken from a store-bought lamp that came with a lampshade.

Because such a terrarium lamp is not always lit in a typical home situation, you may want to grow the plant inside a pot which can be put in and brought out of the glass container base easily. This allows you to give the plant its vital dose of sunlight so as to keep it healthy rather than allowing it to languish inside the darkness when the lamp is not turned on.